CASPER
THE FRIENDLY GHOST
When looking for a shelter site, keep in mind the type of shelter (protection) you need. However, you must also consider —
* How much time and effort you need to build the shelter.
* If the shelter will adequately protect you from the elements (sun, wind, rain, snow).
* If you have the tools to build it. If not, can you make improvised tools?
* If you have the type and amount of materials needed to build it. To answer these questions, you need to know how to make various types of shelters and what materials you need to make them.
Poncho Lean-To
It takes only a short time and minimal equipment to build this lean-to. You need a poncho, 2 to 3 meters of rope or parachute suspension line, three stakes about 30 centimeters long, and two trees or two poles 2 to 3 meters apart. Before selecting the trees you will use or the location of your poles, check the wind direction. Ensure that the back of your lean-to will be into the wind.
To make the lean-to —
* Tie off the hood of the poncho. Pull the drawstring tight, roll the hood longways, fold it into thirds and tie it off with the drawstring.
* Cut the rope in half. On one long side of the poncho, tie half of the rope to the corner grommet. Tie the other half to the other corner grommet.
* Attach a drip stick (about a 10-centimeter stick) to each rope about 2.5 centimeters from the grommet. These drip sticks will keep rainwater from running down the ropes into the lean-to. Tying strings (about 10 centimeters long) to each grommet along the poncho's top edge will allow the water to run to and down the line without dripping into the shelter.
* Tie the ropes about waist high on the trees (uprights). Use a round turn and two half hitches with a quick-release knot.
* Spread the poncho and anchor it to the ground, putting sharpened sticks through the grommets and into the ground.
If you plan to use the lean-to for more than one night, or you expect rain, make a center support for the lean-to. Make this support with a line. Attach one end of the line to the poncho hood and the other end to an overhanging branch. Make sure there is no slack in the line. Another method is to place a stick upright under the center of the lean-to. This method, however, will restrict your space and movements in the shelter.
For additional protection from wind and rain, place some brush, your rucksack or other equipment at the sides of the lean-to. To reduce heat loss to the ground, place some type of insulating material, such as leaves or pine needles, inside your lean-to.
Note: When at rest, you lose as much as 80 percent of your body heat to the ground via conduction.
To increase your security from enemy observation, lower the lean-to's silhouette by making two changes. First, secure the support lines to the trees at knee height (not at waist height) using two knee-high sticks in the two center grommets (sides of lean-to). Second, angle the poncho to the ground, securing it with sharpened sticks.
Poncho Tent
This tent provides a low silhouette. It also protects you from the elements on two sides. It has, however, less usable space and observation area than a lean-to, decreasing your reaction time to enemy detection. To make this tent, you need a poncho, two 1.5- to 2.5-meter ropes, six sharpened sticks about 30 centimeters long and two trees 2 to 3 meters apart.
To make the tent —
* Tie off the poncho hood in the same way as the poncho lean-to.
* Tie a 1.5- to 2.5-meter rope to the center grommet on each side of the poncho.
* Tie the other ends of these ropes at about knee height to two trees 2 to 3 meters apart and stretch the poncho tight.
* Draw one side of the poncho tight and secure it to the ground by pushing sharpened sticks through the grommets.
* Follow the same procedure on the other side.
If you need a center support, use the same methods as for the poncho lean-to. Another center support is an A-frame set outside but over the center of the tent. Use two 90- to 120-centimeter-long sticks, one with a forked end, to form the A-frame. Tie the hood's drawstring to the A-frame to support the center of the tent.
* How much time and effort you need to build the shelter.
* If the shelter will adequately protect you from the elements (sun, wind, rain, snow).
* If you have the tools to build it. If not, can you make improvised tools?
* If you have the type and amount of materials needed to build it. To answer these questions, you need to know how to make various types of shelters and what materials you need to make them.
Poncho Lean-To
It takes only a short time and minimal equipment to build this lean-to. You need a poncho, 2 to 3 meters of rope or parachute suspension line, three stakes about 30 centimeters long, and two trees or two poles 2 to 3 meters apart. Before selecting the trees you will use or the location of your poles, check the wind direction. Ensure that the back of your lean-to will be into the wind.
To make the lean-to —
* Tie off the hood of the poncho. Pull the drawstring tight, roll the hood longways, fold it into thirds and tie it off with the drawstring.
* Cut the rope in half. On one long side of the poncho, tie half of the rope to the corner grommet. Tie the other half to the other corner grommet.
* Attach a drip stick (about a 10-centimeter stick) to each rope about 2.5 centimeters from the grommet. These drip sticks will keep rainwater from running down the ropes into the lean-to. Tying strings (about 10 centimeters long) to each grommet along the poncho's top edge will allow the water to run to and down the line without dripping into the shelter.
* Tie the ropes about waist high on the trees (uprights). Use a round turn and two half hitches with a quick-release knot.
* Spread the poncho and anchor it to the ground, putting sharpened sticks through the grommets and into the ground.
If you plan to use the lean-to for more than one night, or you expect rain, make a center support for the lean-to. Make this support with a line. Attach one end of the line to the poncho hood and the other end to an overhanging branch. Make sure there is no slack in the line. Another method is to place a stick upright under the center of the lean-to. This method, however, will restrict your space and movements in the shelter.
For additional protection from wind and rain, place some brush, your rucksack or other equipment at the sides of the lean-to. To reduce heat loss to the ground, place some type of insulating material, such as leaves or pine needles, inside your lean-to.
Note: When at rest, you lose as much as 80 percent of your body heat to the ground via conduction.
To increase your security from enemy observation, lower the lean-to's silhouette by making two changes. First, secure the support lines to the trees at knee height (not at waist height) using two knee-high sticks in the two center grommets (sides of lean-to). Second, angle the poncho to the ground, securing it with sharpened sticks.
Poncho Tent
This tent provides a low silhouette. It also protects you from the elements on two sides. It has, however, less usable space and observation area than a lean-to, decreasing your reaction time to enemy detection. To make this tent, you need a poncho, two 1.5- to 2.5-meter ropes, six sharpened sticks about 30 centimeters long and two trees 2 to 3 meters apart.
To make the tent —
* Tie off the poncho hood in the same way as the poncho lean-to.
* Tie a 1.5- to 2.5-meter rope to the center grommet on each side of the poncho.
* Tie the other ends of these ropes at about knee height to two trees 2 to 3 meters apart and stretch the poncho tight.
* Draw one side of the poncho tight and secure it to the ground by pushing sharpened sticks through the grommets.
* Follow the same procedure on the other side.
If you need a center support, use the same methods as for the poncho lean-to. Another center support is an A-frame set outside but over the center of the tent. Use two 90- to 120-centimeter-long sticks, one with a forked end, to form the A-frame. Tie the hood's drawstring to the A-frame to support the center of the tent.